The results revealed a significant difference between the abacus calculation task and the forward digit-span task however, there was no significant difference between the abacus calculation task and other tasks. I measured the activation of cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex of a young child while he worked on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV Working Memory Index tasks (forward digit-span task, backward digit-span task, and letter–number sequencing task) and the abacus calculation task using HOT-2000 (NeU, Japan), a two-channel wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy device. Through this educational pilot case study, I examined whether it is possible that even easy calculations during the introduction of abacus calculation in early childhood may have an effect on executive function support. However, although the abacus is easy to learn, learning opportunities have shrunk because of the widespread use of calculators. Further, the study of the abacus-the base of MA-is good for not only mathematics but also nurturing the brain. Recent evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex is involved in mental abacus (MA). It has already been indicated that executive functions are related to the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, research on how to support the development of executive functions is actively being conducted. The development of executive functions is remarkable in early childhood. School of Education, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan.
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